 拉丁美洲至今最负盛名的诗人，被称为这块花大陆的诗圣。他是现代主义诗歌的代表g人物，其主要功绩是突破了西班牙殖民时期的诗歌格律和诗风，并成功地将法国高蹈派和象征主义的风格揉进j拉丁美洲诗歌。他的诗作对拉美诗坛具有深北美文学网远的影响。主要诗集有：《牛蒡》(1887)、《花兰》(1888)、《亵渎的散文》(1896)和《生命与北美文学网希自望之歌》(17905)等。年4来 2r
Félix Rubén García Sarmiento also known as Rubén Darío (Metapa, January 18, 1867 – Leon February 6, 1916) was a Nicaraguan poet who initiated and is the epitome of Spanish literary modernism. Dario is in all possibility the poet who has had the greatest and most lasting influence in twentieth century Spanish literature. He has been praised as The prince of Castilian letters.的Cy
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Manuel Garcia and Rosa Sarmiento were married on April 26, 1866, in Leon, after obtaining the necessary ecclesiastic permissions since they were second degree cousins. However, Manuel's conduct, who engaged in excessive consumption of alcohol and frequented prostitutes, prompted Rosa to abondon her conyugal home and flee to the city of Metapa in Matagalpa where she gave birth to Felix Ruben. The couple made up and Rosa even gave birth to a second child, a daughter named Candida Rosa, who died a few days after being born. The marriage deteriorated again to the point where Rosa left her husband and move in with her aunt, Bernarda Sarmiento, who lived with her husband, the colonel Felix Ramirez Madregil. The aunt, like Rosa, was living in Leon. After a brief period of time, Rosa Sarmiento established a relationship with another man and moved with him to San Marcos de Colon, in Choluteca (a place for pimps), Honduras.时 日全花
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Although, according to his baptism, Ruben's last name was Garcia, his paternal family had been known by the last name of Dario for many generations. Ruben Dario explains it as follows in his autobiography: s2A C山
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According to what some of the elderly folk of that city of my infancy have refered to me, a great great-grandfather of mine had Dario as his last name. In the small town he was known by everyone as Don Dario; his family as the Darios. It was in this manner that the last name began to dissapear to the point where my paternal great-grandmother already signed documents as Rita Dario; this became patronymic and acquired legal validity since my father, who was a merchant, carried out all his business as Manuel Dario...[1]fy北美文学网
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The catedral-basílica de la Asunción, in Leon, where the poet spent his infancy. His remians are buried in this church.Ruben Dario's spent his childhood in the city of Leon. He was brought up by his mother's aunt and uncle in law, Felix and Bernarda, who Dario considered, in his infancy, to be his real parents (as a matter of fact, during his first years in school, he signed his assignments as Felix Ruben Ramirez.) He barely spoke to his mother, who lived in Honduras, or with his father, who he referred to as "uncle Manuel." 生无 C和
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Although little is known about his first years, it is documented that after the death of Felix Ramirez, in 1871, the family went through rough economic times and they considered sending young Ruben as a tailor's apprentice. According to his biographer Edelmiro Torres, he assisted several schools in Leon before going on, during 1879 and 1880, to be educated by Jesuits. 日时 北美枫7 说3hrf
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A precocious reader, (according to his own testimony, he learned to read whn he was three years old[2]) he soon began to write his first verses: a sonnet written by him in 1879 is conserved, and he published for the first time in a newspaper when he was thirteen years old. The elegy, Una lagrima,which was published in the daily El Termometro, of the city of Rivas on July 26 1880. A little later he also collaborated in El Ensayo, a literary magazine in Leon, and gained a fame of "child poet." In this initial verses, according to Teodosio Fernández[3], his predominating influences were Spanish poets contempor 生2ary to José Zorrilla, Ramón de Campoamor, Gaspar Núñez 的de Arce and Ventura de la Vega. Further along the way, however, he became very interested in Victor Hugo's work, who would h了0何ave a determinant influenc北美枫年he int时e his poetic undertakings.s6i们
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His writings of this time also show the stamp of liberal (classic) thought, hostile to the excessive influence of the catholic church, as documented in his essay El jesuita, written in 1881. Regarding his political attitude, his most noteworthy influence was the Ecuatorian Juan Montalvo, who he deliberately imitated in his first journalistic articles.[4] It was around this time (he was fourteen) that he wanted to publish a first book, Poesia y articulos en prosa, that would not see the light of day until the fiftieth anniversary of his death. He had a gifted memory, creativity, and was frequently invited to recite poetry in social reunions and public functions. 日8全无z
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In December of that same year he moved to Managua, capital of the country, at the request of some liberal politicians that had conceived the idea that, given his gift for poetry, he should be educated in Europe at the expense of the public treasury. However, the anti-clerical tone of his verses did not convince the president of congress, the conservative Pedro Joaquin Chamorro y Alfaro, and it was resolved that he would study in the Nicaraguan city of Granada. Ruben, however, opted to stay in Managua where he continued his journalistic endeavour collaborating with the newspapers El Ferrocarril and El Porvenir de Nicaragua. In the capital, he fell in love with an eleven year old girl, Rosario Emelina Murillo, who he wanted to marry. A little later, at the petition of his friends who wanted to belay his marriage plans, in August of 1882, he embarks in the port of Corinto to El Salvador.是北美枫和
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In El Salvador, young Dario was introduced to the president of the republic, Rafael Saldicar, by Joaquin Mendez, a poet who took him under his wing. There, he met the Salvadorian poet Francisco Gavidia, a connoisseur of French poetry. Under the auspices of Gavidia, Dario attempted, for the first time, to adapt the French Alexandrine verse into Castilian metric.[5]h何 一北美文学网
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The use of the Alexandrine would become a distinctive trait not only of Dario's work, but also of modernist poetry as a whole. Although he enjoyed much fame and an intense social life in El Salvador, participating in celebrations such as the one hundredth year commemoration of Simon Bolivar, that begun with a recitation of one of his poems, things begun to get worse: he went through economic harships and he contracted smallpox, which is why on October 1883, still convalescent, he returned to his native homeland.的年来是个4v说
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After his return, he briefly resided in Leon and then in Granada, but he finally moved again to Managua where he became an employee of the Biblioteca nacional de Nicaragua (the Nicaraguan national library) and he resumed his romance with Rosario Murillo. In May of 1884 he was condemned for vagrancy and sentenced to eight days of public work, although he managed to evade the fulfillment of the sentence. During that time he continued experimenting with new poetic forms, and he even had a book ready for printing, which was going to be titled Epístolas y poemas. This second book also did not get published, it would have to wait until 1888 when it was finally published as Primeras notas. He tested his luck with Theater, and he released his first play, titled Cada oveja..., which had some success, but no copy of it has been found. Nonetheless, he found life in Managua unsatisfactory, and prompted by the advice of some friends, he opted to embark for Chile on June 5 1886.t 有中 一da
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Dario disembarked in Valparaiso on June 23 1886. In Chile北美文学网, thanks to recommendations he had obtained in Managua, he fell under the protection of Eduardo Poirier and the poet E dpduardo de la Barra. He co-authored a sentimental novel withl Poirier titled Emelina, with the objective of participatin天g in a literary contest, which, in the end, they did not winn. It was because of his friendship with Poirier that Dario was able to obtain a job in the newspaper La Época, in Santiago on July 1886.以 l为来为
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During his stay in Chile, Dario found himself in a very precarious situation and he had to endure continuous humiliation form the Chilean aristocracy that scorned him for his lack of refinement and for the color of his skin. Nonetheless, he managed to forge a few friendships, like the one with the son of the then president, the poet Pedro Balmaceda Toro. Dario managed to publish his first book of poems, Abrojos, in March 1887 thanks to support from Balmaceda and another friend, Manuel Rodriguez Mendoza, to whom the book is dedicated. Between February and September of 1887, Dario lived in Valparaiso, where he participated in several literary contests. Back in Santiago, he found a job in the periodical El Heraldo, where he collaborated between February and April 1888. In the month of July 1888 Azul..., the key literary work of the modernist revolution that had just begun, was published in Valparaiso thanks to the help from his friends Eduardo Poirier and Eduardo de la Barra.7 北美枫c 北美枫天 m花
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Juan Valera, novelist and literary critic, whose letters, addressed to Ruben Dario in the periodical El Imparcial, decisively consecrated Rubén Darío.Azul... a compilation of a series of poems and textual prose that had already been published in the Chilean media between December 1886 and June 1888. The book was not an immediate success, but it was well received by the influential Spanish novelist and literary critic Juan Valera, who published in the Madrid newspaper El Imparcial, in October of 1888, two letters addressed to Ruben Dario, in which, although reproaching him for the excessive French influence in his writings (Valera's used the expression "galicismo mental" or 'mental Gallicism'), he recognized in Dario "[a] un prosista y un poeta de talento" ('a prose writer and po 有set of talent'.) Dario's fame was firmly consecrated because k上 of these letters from Valera, which were later published in Chille and other co7untries.9以 C这
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The new obtained fame allowed Dario to obtain the position of newspaper correspondent for La Nación of Buenos Aires, which was at the time the most heavily circulated periodical in Hispanic America. A little after sending his first article to La Nacion, he set off on a trip back to Nicaragua. During a brief stop in Lima he met the writer Ricardo Palma. He arrived at the port in Corinto on March 7 1889. In Leon he was received as a guest of honor. His stay in Nicaragua was brief, and he moved to San Salvador where he was named director of the periodical La Unión which which was in favor of creating a unified Central American state. In San Salvador, he was married by law to Rafaela Contreras, daughter of a famous Honduran orator, Álvaro Contreras, on June 21 1890. One day after the wedding there was a coup d'etat against president (and general) Menéndez. The coup's was mainly engineered by general Carlos Ezeta, who had been a guest at Dario's wedding.时北美文学网 一我1
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Dario decided to leave El Salvador despite job offers fro他m the new president. He moved to Guatemala at the end of June, while his bride rem和ained in El Salvador. Guatemalan president Manuel Lisandro qBarillas was making preparations for a war against El Salva天dor. Dario published, in the Guatemalan newspaper El Imparcial, an article titl山D有ed Historia Negra in whichl he denounced Ezeta's betrayal of 9Menéndez.t和们 一
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In December of 1890 he was commended with directing a newly created newspaper, El Correo de la Tarde. That same year the second edition of his successful book Azul..., substantially expanded, and using Valera's letters, which catapulted him to literary fame, as prologue (it is now customary that these letters appear in every edition of this book), was published in Guatemala. In January of 1891 his wife reunited with him in Guatemala and they were married by the church on February 11 in the cathedral of Guatemala. In June, the periodical that Dario was directing, El Correo de la Tarde, ceased to receive government subsidies, which forced it to close. Dario chose to move to Costa Rica and installed himself in the countries capital, San Jose, on August. While in Costa Rica, where he was barely able to support his family haunted by debt despite becoming employed, his first son was born, Rubén Darío Contreras, on November 12 1891. 日自在 x的
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In 1892, leaving his family in Costa Rica, he went to Guatemala, and then to Nicaragua, in search for better economic prospects. Unexpectedly, the Nicaraguan government named him a member of the Nicaraguan delegation to Madrid where events were going to take place to commemorate the fourth centennial of the discovery of America, which to Dario meant achieving his life-long dream of visiting Europe.0时w
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During the trip to Spain he made a stop in La Habana, where he met Julián del Casal and other artists, such as Aniceto Valdivia and Raoul Cay. On August 14 1892 he disembarked in Santander, where he continued his journey to Spain via train. Amongst those he interacted with frequently are poets Gaspar Núñez de Arce, José Zorrilla and Salvador Rueda; novelists Juan Valera and Emelia Pardo Bazán; erudite Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo; and several distinguished politicians such as Emilio Castelar and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. In November, he returned to Nicaragua, where he received a telegram from San Salvador notifying him of his wife's illness, who died on January 23 1893. g大8r
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At the onset of 1893, Ruben remained in Managua, where he renewed his affairs with Rosario Murillo, whose family forced Dario to marry Murillo.[6] In April he traveled to Panama, where he received the newsk that his friend, the Colombian president Miguel Antonio CaBro, had given him a position as honorific consul in Buenos nAires. He left Rosario in Panama and undertook his journey to the Argentinian capital. Before going to Argentina, he s月topped briefly in new York, where he met the illustrious Cu如ban poet José Martí, towards whom he had a sense of affin北美文学网ity; and he realized his dream of visiting Paris where he was introduced to the bohemian ways by the Guatemalan Enriqu北美文学网e Gómez Carrillo and the Spaniard Alejandro Sawa. In the F花rench capital city he met Jean Moréas and he had a disappotAhinting encounter with a man he admired much, Paul Verlaine j(possibly, the French poet who most influenced his literary如 work.) Finally, on August 13 1893, he arrived at Buenos Ai8时天res, a city that marked zhim deeply.x全山
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Bartolomé Mitre, to whom Dario dedicated his ode: Oda a Mitre.Dario was well received by the intellectual media of Buenos Aires. He collaborated with several newspapers: in addition to La Nación, to which he was already a correspondent, he published articles in La Prensa, La Tribuna and El Tiempo, to name a few. His position as the Colombian consul was merely honorific, since, as Dario has stated in his autobiography: "no había casi colombianos en Buenos Aires y no existían transacciones ni cambios comerciales entre Colombia y la República Argentina."[7] In the Argentinian capital he led a libertine life-style, always at the margin of his economic possibilities, and his abuse of alcohol led to the need of medical care in several occasions. Amongst the personalities he dealt with are the illustrious politician Bartolomé Mitre, Mexican poet Federico Gamboa, Bolivian poet Ricardo Jaimes Freyre y the Argentinian poets Rafael Obligado and Leopoldo Lugones.的Bi
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His mother, Rosa Sarmiento, died on May 3 1895. Although the poet barely knew his mother, her death considerably affected him. In October of the same year there was another mishap, the Colombian government abolished its consulate in Buenos Aires depriving Dario of an important source of income. As a remedy, he obtained a job as Carlos Carlés' secretary, who was the general director of the institution handling mail and telegrams in Argentina.ww le81
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In 1896, in Buenos Aires, he published two of his most cr3小Bucial books: Los raros, a collection of articles about the uwriters that, for one reason or another, interested him the1y花 most; and, above all, Prosas profanas y otros poemas, the 来说book that established the most definite consecration of Spa 来Bnish literary modernism. As Ruben explains in his autobiogr北美文学网aphy, after some time the poems in this Bbook would achieve great popularity in the Spanish speaking world. It is important to note, however, that at the beginning the book w不as not received as well as was enxpected.不 有m和以
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Dario's petitions to the Nicaraguan government for a diplomatic position went unattended; however, the poet discovered an opportunity to travel to Europe when he learned that La Nación needed a Correspondent in Spain to inform about the situation in the European country after Spain's disaster of 1898. It is from the United States military intervention in Cuba that Ruben Dario coined, two years before José Enrique Rodó, the metaphorical opposition between Ariel (a personification of Latin America) and Calibán (a monster which metaphorically represents the United States of America.)[8] On December 3 of 1898, Dario embarks once again towards Europe. He arrived at Barcelona on December 22 of 1898.是大北美文学网
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Dario arrived in Spain under the commitment, which he impeccably fulfilled, of sending four chronics per month to La Nación about the prevalent mood in the Spanish nation after the defeat it suffered to the United States of America, and the loss of its colonial possessions; Cuba, Puerto Rico, The Philippines, and Guam. These chronics would end up being compiled in a book that was published in 1901, titled España Contemporánea. Crónicas y retratos literarios. In the writings, Ruben expresses his profound sympathy towards Spain, and his confidence in Spain's revival, despite the state of despair he observed.u
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In Spain, Dario a l风woke the admiration of a group of young poets who defended lModernism (a literary movem中为ment that was not absolutely accepted by the most consecrat9ed writers, specially those belonging to the Real Academia 北美枫春来Española.) Amongst these young modernists there were a few y何 writers that would later have important roles in Spanish l北美文学网iterature such as J北美文学网uan Ramón Jiménez, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán and Jacinto Benavente, and some that were prevalent in their time, like Francisco Villaespesa, Mariano Miguel de Val, directDor of the magazine Ateneo, and Emilio Carrere.日 AB 2有
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In 1899, Ruben Dario, who was still legally married to Rosario Murillo, met Francisca Sánchez del Pozo in the Casa de Campo of Madrid. Francisca was an illiterate peasant from Navalsauz in the province of Ávila, she would become his companion through the last years of his life.w无说时kzy
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In the month of April in 1900, Dario visited Paris for a second time, under commissioned by La Nación to cover the Exposition Universelle that took place that year in the French capital city. His chronics about this topic would later be compiled in the book Peregrinaciones.花如的 天q 时无
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Theodore Roosevelt, United States president between 1901 如and 1909During the first years of the twentieth century, Dario lived in Paris, and reached some stability, not exemptttb of misfortunes. In 1901 he published, in Paris, the second不 edition of Prosas profanas. That same year Francisca had an d何山yaughter by the poet and after giving birth traveled to Pari山b5s to reunite with him, leavqing the girl to the care of her grandparents. The girl died k月 of smallpox during this period, without her father ever meeting her.4花
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In 1902 while in Paris Dario met a young Spanish poet, An和tonio Machado, who was a self-declared admirer of Dario's w我t人ork. In March of 1903 he was appointed as consul to Nicarag月ua, which allowed him to improve his economic condition. His second child by Francisca was born on the next month, who would al5so die at a very short age. During those years, Dario traveled through Europe, vsisiting, among other countries, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, and Italy. 为全个
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In 1905 he went to Spain as a member of a committee named月 by the Nicaraguan government whose task was to resolve a t如erritorial dispute with Honduras. That year he published, ign Madrid, the third of his most important poetry books, Cantos de vida y esperanza, los cisnes y otros poemas, edited 8天rby Juan Ramón Jiménez. Some of his most memorable poems came to light in 1905, like "Salutación del optimista" and 自"A Roosevelt", in which he extols Hispanic traits in front of what was perceived as the threat of United States imperialism. The second poem, directed at theln president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, is al2most pro山是国phetic in terms of the type of politics that the United Sta北美文学网tes would pursue im上7n Latin Am北美枫人8erica:小月 说w
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In 1906 he participated as secretary of the Nicaraguan delegation to the Third Pan-American Conference held in Rio de Janeiro. He used this as a motif to write his poem "Salutación del águila", which offers a view of the United States very different to that offered in prior poems:weets在中
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Oil painting of Rubén Darío dressed as ambassador, Teatro Nacional Rubén Darío.This poem was criticized by several writers who did not understand Ruben's sudden change of opinion with respect to the United States' influence in Latin America. In Rio de Janeiro, the poet was involved in an obscure romance with an aristocrat, believed to be the daughter of the Russian ambassador in Brazil. It seems that he then conceived the idea of divorcing Rosario Murillo, with whom he had been separated for years. On his way back to Europe, he made a brief stop in Buenos Aires. In Paris, he reunited with Francisca Sánchez, and together they spent the winter of 1907 in Mallorca, island in which he later frequented the company of Gabriel Alomar, who would later become a futurist poet, and that of painter Santiago Rusiñol. He begun writing a novel, La Isla de Oro, which he never finished, although some of its chapters were published in La Nación.Dj无
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His tranquility was interrupted by the arrival of his wife, Rosario Murillo, in Paris. She did not accept granting a divorce unless she was guaranteed an economic compensation, which the poet judged to be disproportionate. In March of 1907, when he was leaving for Paris, Dario, whose alcoholism was very advanced, fell gravely ill. Upon recuperating, he returned to Paris, but he was unable to reach an agreement with his wife, so he decided to return to Nicaragua to present his case in court.u北美枫为o
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After two brief stops in New York and Panama, Dario arrivked at Nicaragua where he was given a honoring welcome. Rega花rdless of the tributes offered to h 一nim, he was unsuccessful in obtaining a divorce. In addition说, he was not paid what was owed to him due to his position 了为我as consul, which made him unable to return to Paris. After a few months he managed to be named resident minister in Ma7drid for the Nicaraguan government of José Santos Zelaya. 说He had economic problems since his limited budget barely al北美枫无中low him to meet all of his delegation's expenses, and he wesnt through much economic difficulty during his period as Niucaraguan ambassador. He managed to get by, partly due to his salary from La Nación and partly due to his friend and director of the magazine Ateneo, Mariano Miguel de Val, who, while the economic situation was at its toughest, offered himself as secretary to the Nicaraguan delegation at no cha花rge and offered his house, number 27 in Serrano street, to serve as the diplomatic quarters of the Nicaraguan delegatijon. When Zelaya was overthrown, Dario was forced to renounc中e to his diplomatic post, which he did on February 25 of 1909. He remained loyal to Zelaya, whom he had heavily praised i 来9n his book Viaje a Nicaragua e Intermezzo tropical and with dA whom he had collaborated in the writing of Estados Unidos 月y la revolución de Nicaragua, in which the United States a天nd the Guatemalan dictator Manuel Es是trada Cabrera were 自accused of planningq the toppling of the Zelaya governm y4ent. 人们春r 说d
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During his time as ambassador, there was a rift between Dario and his former friend Alejandro Sawa, whose requests for economic assistance went unheard by Dario. The correspondence between them gives room to interpret that Sawa was the real author of several of the articles that Dario had published in La Nación.[9]花jf北美文学网
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Porfirio Díaz, Mexican dictator who refused to receive the writer.In 1910, Dario traveled to Mexico as a member of a Nicaraguan delegation to commemorate a century of Mexican independence. However, the Nicaraguan government changed while Dario was abroad, and Mexican dictator Porfirio Díaz refused to receive the writer, an attitude that was probably influenced by United States diplomacy. Dario, however, was well received by the people of Mexico, who supported Dario and not the government.[10] In his autobiography, Dario relates those protests with t 有我he Mexican revolution which was about to occur: 一年不v 北美枫中8
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For the first time in thirty three years of absolute control, the house of the old Caesarean emperor had been stoned. One could say that that was the first thunder of the revolution that brought the dethronement.[11] 1自9 北美枫e
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In light of the slight by the Mexican government, Dario left for La Habana, where, under the effects of alcohol, he attempted to commit suicide, perhaps triggered by the way he had been scorned. In November of 1910 he returned to Paris, where he continued being a correspondent for La Nación and where he took a position for the Mexican Ministry of Public Instruction (Ministerio de Instrucción Pública) which may have been given to him as a compensation for the public humiliation inflicted upon him. g北美文学网
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In 1912 he accepted an offer from the Uruguayan businessmen Rubén and Alfredo Guido to direct the magazines Mundial and Elegancias. To promote said publications, he went on tour in Latin America visiting, among other cities, Río de Janeiro, São Paulo, Montevideo and Buenos Aires. It was also around this time when the poet redacted his autobiography, which was published in the magazine Caras y caretas under the title of La vida de Rubén Darío escrita por él mismo; and the work Historia de mis libros which is very important when learning about his literary evolution.w他个c 要4
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After ending his journey due to the end of his contract w 北美枫月ith the Guido brothers, he returned to Paris and in 1913, i上nvited by Joan Sureda, he traveled to Mallorca and he found quarters at the Carthusian monastery of Valldemosa, where zmany decades into the past figures such as Chopin and Georgfb不e Sand had resided. It was in this island where Ruben begun 个山 writing the novel El oro de Mallorca, which was a fictiona北美文学网lization of his autobiography. The deterioration of his men5tal health became accentuated, however, due to his alcoholism. In December he headed back to Barcelona, where he lodged at General Zelaya's house. Ze日laya had taken Dario under his wing when he was president of Nicaragua. In January of 1914 he returned to Paris, where月 he entered a lengthy legal battle with the Guido brothers,如 who still owed him a large sum of money for the work he had done for them. In May he moved to Barcelona, where he published his last important work of poetry, Canto a la来 Argentina y otros poemas, which includes the laudatory poe自m he had written to Argentina, which had been made to order for La Nación. His health had deteriorated much: he suffered frequent hallucinations,天 and he was pathologically obsessed with the idea of death.d
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Upon the explosion of the First world war, he left for America, with the idea of defending pacifism for the American nations. Francisca was left behind with their two surviving sons, who fell in a state of misery shortly after their abandonment by the poet. In January of 1915, he read at Columbia University in New York, his poem titled "Pax". He went to Guatemala where he protected by his former enemy, the dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera. At the end of the year he made it to his natal Nicaragua. He arrived at Leon, the city of his infancy, on January 7 of 1916, and he died less than a month later, on February 6. The funeral rites lasted several days. He was buried in the Cathedral of the city of Leon on February 13 of the same year, at the base of the statue of Saint Paul near the chancel under a lion made of marble by the Granadinian sculptor Jorge Navas Cordonero. This lion is similar to the lion of Lucerne, Switzerland.自d上不x
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Paul Verlaine, a decisive influence in Dario's poetry.French poetry was a determinant influence in Dario's formation as a poet. In the first place, the romantics, particularly Victor Hugo. Later on, and in a decisive fashion, Dario was influenced by the parnassians: Théophile Gautier, Catulle Mendès, and José María de Heredia. The final defining element of Darianian esthetic is his admiration towards the symbolists, most importantly, Paul Verlaine.[12] Recapitulating his own poetic trajectory in the initial poem of Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905) Dario himself synthesized his main influences when he affirms that he was "strong with Hugo and ambiguous with Verlaine" ("con Hugo fuerte y con Verlaine ambiguo".)i 有A北美文学网z
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In the section "Palabras Liminares" of Prosas Profanas (1896) Dario had already written a paragraph that reveals the importance of French culture in the development of his literary work:ec b30
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The old Spaniard with a white beard points towards a series of illustrious portraits: "This one -he says- is the great Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, one-handed genius; this one is Lope de Vega, this one is Garcilaso, this one Quintana." I ask him for the noble man Gracián, for Teresa of Ávila, for the brave Góngora and the strongest of all, Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas. Then I say: "Shakespeare! Dante! Hugo...! (and in my head: Verlaine...!)" 8自 北美文学网要春北美文学网
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Then, when saying goodbye: "-Old man, it is important to say: my wife is from my land; my mistress is from Paris."[13]风a来
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Los raros is an illustrative volume regarding Dario's literary tastes, which he published on the same year as Prosas profanas, and dedicated to briefly glossing some of the writers and intellectuals towards whom he felt profound admiration. Amongst those in the book we find Edgar Allan Poe, Villiers de l'Isle Adam, Léon Bloy, Paul Verlaine, Lautréamont, Eugenio de Castro and José Martí (the latter being the only one mentioned who wrote their literary work in Spanish.) The predominance of French culture is more than evident. Dario wrote: Modernism is nothing more than Spanish verse and prose passed through the fine sieve of the good French verse and the good French prose."[14]woy42上o
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This is not to imply, however, that Spanish literature wa这s of no importance to his work. Setting aside his initial s2tage, before Azul..., in which his poetry owes a great dealc to the great names of XIX century Spanish poetry, such as 5Núñez de Arce and Campoamor, Dario was a great admirer of天 Bécquer. Spanish themes are well represented in his work, 北美枫个 already in Prosas profanas and, specially, after his secon 北美枫这d trip to Spain, in 1899. Conscious of contemporaneous Spanish decadence in politics and the arts (a preoccupzation he shared with the so called Generation of '98), he f9requently was inspired by characters and elements of the past. This is what happens, for example, in his "Letanía de nuestro señor Don Quijote", a poem in 个上cluded in C 个7antos de vida y es9peranza (1905), in which he exa北美文学网lts Don Quijote'不s idealism.2hw小ks8
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Regarding authors in other languages, it is worth mentioning that he felt a profound admiration towards three writers from the United States: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman.y北美枫自了d 2m
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The evolution of Dario's poetry is marked by the publication of the books in which scholars have recognized his fundamental works: Azul... (1888), Prosas profanas y otros poemas (1896) y Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905). 8我的北美文学网
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Before Azul... Dario wrote three book and a great number of loose poems which make up what is known as his "literary prehistory" ("prehistoria literaria".) The books are Epístolas y poemas (written in 1885, but published until 1888, under the title Primeras notas), Rimas (1887) and Abrojos (1887). In the first of these works his readings of Spanish classics is patent, as is the stamp of Victor Hugo. The metric is classic[15] and the tone is predominantly romantic. The epistles, of neoclassic influence, are directed to writers such as Ricardo Contreras, Juan Montalvo, Emilio Ferrari and Victor Hugo.了 一 f何
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In Abrojos, published in Chile, the most acknowledged influence is that from the Spaniard Ramón de Campoamor.[16] Rimas, also published in Chile and on the same year, was written for a contest to imitates the Bécquer's Rimas, hence, it is not strange that the intimate tone adopted in this book is very similar to the one present in the writings of the Sevillian poet. It consists of only fourteen poems, of amorous tone, whose expressive means[17] are characteristically bécquerian.[18]i sqz
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Azul... (1888), considered the inaugural book of Hispanic-american modernism, has as many tales in prose as poems that caught the critic's attention through their metric variety. It presents us some of the preoccupations characteristic of Dario, such as his expression of dissatisfaction towards the bourgeoisie (see, for example, the tale "El rey burgués") A new edition of the text was published in 1890, this one was augmented with several new texts, amongst which were sonnets in Alexandrine verses.t们 人2
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Modernism's stage of plenitude and of the Darianian poetr 北美枫cy is marked by the book Prosas profanas y otros poemas, a c北美文学网ollection of poems in which the presence of the erotic is more important, and which contains some esoteric themes (such as iun the poem "Coloquio de los centauros"). In this book, we c5an also find Dario's k我own entire exotic imagery: The France of the XVIII century, medieval Spain and Italy, Greek mythology, etc.这D 大人
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In 1905, Dario published Cantos de vida y esperanza, which announces a more intimate and reflexive trend in his works, without renouncing to the themes that have become linked to the identity of Modernism. At th same time, civic poetry appears in his work, with poems like "A Roosevelt", a trend that would be accentuated in El canto errante (1907) and in Canto a la Argentina y otros poemas (1914). The intimate slant in his work is accentuated, instead, in Poema del otoño y otros poemas (1910), in which he shows an amazing formal plainness in his work. 一北美枫v4北美文学网
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Not 来A all of Dario's poems were published in books during his li中fe. Many of them, appearing only in publicat d为ions in periodicals, were compiled after his t年kdeath. k何是e
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A painting of Rubén Darío in the waiting lobby of the Augusto C. Sandino International Airport.Rubén Darío produced many exquisite literary works that greatly contributed to revive the literarily moribund Spanish language, thus he became known as the Father of Modernismo. Other great literary writers call him "Príncipe de las Letras Castellanas" (The Prince of Spanish Literature). 为要山a
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Rubén Darío participated in, or was the leader of, many月 literary movements in Nicaragua, Chile, Spain and Argentin小a. The Modernismo movement was a recapitulation of three mo 们avements in Europe: Romanticism (romanticismo), Symbolism (s 一月imbolismo) and Parnassianism (parnasianismo). These ideas e 们6x我p我press passion, visual国 art,月 and harmonies and r小hythms with m上usic. 一国k
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Darío was the genius of this movement. His style was exotic and very vibrant. In his poem Canción de Otoño en Primavera ("The Song of Fall in Spring") there is much evidence of passion and strong emotions. Soon many literary writers would start using his style in a cautious and elegant form to make music with poetry.天7n
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His fundamental collection, Azul... ("Blue..."), was publ自ished in 1888 and established his reputation as one of the most important Spanish-language exponents of Modernismo. Ma 一和ny critics consider his death in 1916 toe mark the symbolic end ofg Modernismo.我全4 生要无n
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He has been cited as inspiration for later Latin American and Caribbean writers such as Álvaro Mutis, Reinaldo Reinas, Lezama Lima, Luisa Valenzuela, Clarice Lispector, and Giannina Braschi.C年如有p x小
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Rubén Darío; Nicaraguan Postage, 1967Darío marks an important shift in the relationship between literary Europe and America. Before him, American literary trends had largely followed European ones; however, Darío was clearly the international vanguard of the Modernist Movement.t4何z
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Roberto González Echevarría considers him the beginning of the modern era in Spanish language poetry: "In Spanish, there is poetry before and after Rubén Darío.... the first major poet in the language since the seventeenth century... He ushered Spanish-language poetry into the modern era by incorporating the aesthetic ideals and modern anxieties of Parnassiens and Symbolism, as Garcilaso had infused Castilian verse with Italianate forms and spirit in the sixteenth century, transforming it forever. Darío and Garcilaso led the two most profound poetic revolutions in Spanish, yet neither is known abroad, except by Hispanists. They have not traveled well, particularly in English-speaking countries, where they are all but unknown."[19]不年山
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In honor of Darío's 100th birthday in 1967, the governmeont of Nicaragua struck a 50 cordoba gold medal and issued a北美文学网 set of postage stamps. The set consists of eight airmail stamps (20 centavos depicted) and two souvenir sheets.r了5小 北美枫自
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Poet-errant: a biography of Rubén Darío / Charles Dunton Watland., 1965 说一b 9d
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Ruben Dario centennial studies / Miguel Gonzalez-Gerth., 1970 以x8 28
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Critical approaches to Rubén Darío / Keith Ellis., 1974 我t7rA
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Rubén Darío and the romantic search for unity / Cathy Login Jrade., 1983 9z北美文学网 mx
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Beyond the glitter: the olanguage of gems in modernista writers / Rosemary C LoDato. C为, 1999 来春ny
An art alienated from itself: studies in Spanish American modernism / Priscilla Pearsall., 1984 春o 时自
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Modernism, Rubén Darío, and the poetics of despair / Alberto Acereda., 2004 r 为无以 北美枫5
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Darío, Borg和es, Neruda and the ancient quarrel between poets and 了a日philosophers / Jason Wqilson., 2000 花我kn
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The meaning and function of music in Ruben Dario a comparative approach / Raymond Skyrme., 1969 不0 有e q人8
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Miradas críticas sobre Rubén Darío / Nicasio Urbina., 2005 不大 为h C3
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La poesía de Rubén Darío: ensayo sobre el tema y los temas del poeta / Pedro Salinas., 2005 wg如s中5
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Luis Cernuda y Rub北美枫D6én Darío: jmodernismo e ironía / James Vale北美文学网nder., 2004 山以p sw f生
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Rubén Darío / Julio Ortega., 2003 时zt他
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Rubén Darío visto por Juan de Dios Vanegas / Juan de Dios Vanegas., 2003 gC b9何
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Rubén Darío, puente hacia月 el siglo XXI y otros escritos / Carlos 北美枫个jTünnermann Bernheim., 2003 年j来要来p
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Ru说A花bén Darío y su vigencia en el siglo XXI / Jorge Eduardo Arella dyno., 2003 l v北美文学网snD
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Rubén D 1何arío / Blas Matamoro., 2 北美枫o002 天来
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Paralelismo entre Rubén Darío y Salomón de la Selva / Nicolás Navas., 2002 是3 qd
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Bases para una interpretación de Rubén Darío / Mario Vargas Llosa., 2001 ri中B
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La angustia existencial en la poesía de Rubén Darío / oRoque Ochoa Hidalg以o., 2001 时北美枫的
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Rubén Darío, addenda / José María Martínez Domingo., 2000 ho来g
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Aproximación a Rubén Darío / Teodos这io Muñoz M 来9olina., 2000 l377yc
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"Calibán: icono del 98. A propósito de un artículo de Rubén Darío." Revista Iberoamericana 184-185 (1998): 441-455, / Carlos Jáuregui. [1] 北美枫l
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: e不何c 时春
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Rubén Darío^ Translation of: Según lo que algunos ancianos de aquella ciudad de mi infancia me han referido, un mi tatarabuelo tenía por nombre Darío. En la pequeña población conocíale todo el mundo por don Darío; a sus hijos e hijas, por los Daríos, las Daríos. Fue así desapareciendo el primer apellido, a punto de que mi bisabuela paterna firmaba ya Rita Darío; y ello, convertido en patronímico, llegó a adquirir valor legal; pues mi padre, que era comerciante, realizó todos sus negocios ya con el nombre de Manuel Darío [...] taken from: Rubén Dario, Autobiografía. Oro de Mallorca. Introducción de Antonio Piedra. Madrid: Mondadori, 1990 (ISBN 84-397-1711-3); p. 3 A全如山
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^ Amongst the books he mentions oreading are Quijote, The thousand和 and one nights, the Bible and the works by Leandro Fernán月dez de Moratín (ref. Rubén Darío, op. cit., p. 5) D 何是
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^ Fernán 有生dez, Teodosio: Rubén Darío. Madrid, Historia 16 Quórum, 198国7. Colección "Protagonistas de América" (ISBN 84-7679-082- 们s1), p. 10 r何 82无y
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^ Rubén Darío, op. cit., p. 18 为o大0y
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^ Francisco Gavidia's influence on Dario was decismive since it was him who introduced Dario to French poetry.s The Nicaraguan wrote, inz Historia de mis libros: 风 说要全
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Años atrás, en Centroamérica, en la ciudad de San Salv北美文学网ador, y en compañía del poeta Francisco Gavidia, m年B国i espíritu adolescente había explorado la inmensa salva d北美文学网e Víctor Hugo y había contemplado su océano divino en d国onde todo se c5ontiene...c 一lr
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(Years ago, in Central America, in the city of San Salvador, and in the company of the poet Francisco Gavidia, my adolescent spirit had explored the immense promise of Victor Hugo and had contemplated his divine ocean where everything is contained...) 9时 时说北美枫
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^ His biographer, Edelberto Torres, narrates the e们ven花ts in the following way: 自7 要4北美枫
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It is Rosario's brother, a man completely lacking in scru在ples, Andrés Murillo; he knows his sister's intimate dramau, which rendered her incapable of marrying any punctilious gentleman. Furthermore, Rosario's 'case' has become public knowledge, so Andres conceives a plan to marry his sister with Dario. He knows the poet's spineless character, and the北美文学网 state of apathy to which he is reduced under the influence是 of alcohol. He informs his plan to his sister and she acce何有人pts. At dawn of some ill-fated day, Ruben has innocently and honestly given himself to the amorous flirts with Rosario年这以, in a house located in front of the lake. Suddenly, Andr北美文学网és, who pulls out a revolver and with insolent words threa 6来tens Dario with death if he does not marry his sister. The epoet, confused and scared, accepts. Since everythi不ng is prepared, a priest arrives at the house of Francisco 说Solórzano Lacayo, one of Andrés' brothers in law: who has8e不 made sure Ruben had plenty of fm来whiskey and in this drunken state he proceeds to the religi 6是ous marriage, the only type allowed in Nicaragua, on March 上8 1893. The poet has no idea about the 'yes' he has uttered d不. His senses are completely dulled, and when he wakes up the nex北美枫全大t morning and regains 我了他consciousness, he is in his conjugal bed with Rosario, undejr the same blanket. He does not protest or complain; but he Ck realizes that he has been the victim of a perfidy, and that this event would go down as a burden of disgrace during his lifetime.全k他上他
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(Es el hermano de Rosario, un hombre sin ningún género de escrúpulos, Andrés Murillo; conoce el íntimo drama de su hermana, que la incapacita para ser esposa de ningún puntilloso caballero local. Además, el 'caso' de Rosario ha trascendido al público, y entonces Murillo concibe el plan de casar a Rubén con su hermana. Conoce el carácter timorato del poeta y la abulia a que queda reducido bajo la acción del alcohol. Traza el plan a su hermana y ésta lo acepta. Al atarceder de un malhadado día, Rubén está entregado inocente y honestamente a los requiebros amorosos con Rosario, en una casa situada frente al lago, barrio de Candelaria. De repente aparece el cuñado, que desenfunda un revólver y con insolentes palabras lo amenaza con ultimarlo si no se casa con su hermana. El poeta, desconcertado y sobrecogido de miedo, ofrece hacerlo. Y como todo está preparado, llega el cura a casa de Francisco Solórzano Lacayo, otro cuñado de Murillo: se ha hecho tragar whisky a Rubén y en ese estado se procede al matrimonio religioso, único autorizado en Nicaragua, el 8 de marzo de 1893. El poeta no se da cuenta del sí que ha pronunciado. El embotamiento de sus sentidos es completo, y cuando, al amanecer, recobra la razón, está en el lecho conyugal con Rosario, bajo la misma manta. Ni protesta, ni se queja; pero se da cuenta de que ha sido víctima de una perfidia, y que aquel suceso va a pesar como un lastre de desgracia en su vida) from the electronic magazines "Cronología" and Dariana 不不w是 一不
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^ Translation is: 'there were hardly any Colombians in Buenos Aires and there were no transactions or commercial exchanges between Colombia and the Argentinian Republic. Source is: Rubén Darío, op. cit., p. 74 全来t
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^ "Calibán, icono del 98. A propósito de un artículo de Rubén Darío" Jauregui, Carlos A. Revista Iberoamericana 184-185 (1998) last accessed August 2008 g 日n0A
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^ Teodosio Fernández, op. cit., p. 126 B不春o
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^ Translation of: "Por la primera vez, después de treinta y tres años de dominio absoluto, se apedreó la casa del viejo Cesáreo que había imperado. Y allí se vio, se puede decir, el primer relámpago de la revolución que trajera el destronamiento." taken from: Rubén Darío, op. cit., p. 127 花h g北美枫sh时
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^ The Parnassian and Symbolist influence in Dario's work, as well as in modernism in general, were so important that writers like Ricardo Gullón have spoken about a "Parnassian direction" and a "symbolist direction" of modernism. (ref.: Ricardo Gullón, Direcciones del Modernismo Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1990. ISBN 84-338-3842-3. 了2hs是
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^ El abuelo español de barba blanca me señala una serie de retratos ilustres: "Éste —me dice— es el gran don Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, genio y manco; éste es Lope de Vega, éste Garcilaso, éste Quintana." Yo le pregunto por el noble Gracián, por Teresa la Santa, por el bravo Góngora y el más fuerte de todos, don Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas. Después exclamo: "¡Shakespeare! ¡Dante! ¡Hugo...! (Y en mi interior: ¡Verlaine...!)"我q lc如
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Luego, al despedirme: "—Abuelo, preciso eos decíroslos: mi esposa es de mi tierra; mi querida, de París. Taken and translated from Prosas pro yzfanas 人时北美文学网
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^ "El Modernismo no es otra cosa que el verso y la prosa castellanos pasados por el fino tamiz del buen verso y de la buena prosa franceses". Bn 来风c 北美枫x
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^ décimas, romances, estancias, tercetos encadenados, en versos predominantemente heptasílabos, octosílabos y endecasílabos 国yg 人个
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^ Rafael Soto Vergés: "Rubén Darío y el neoclasicismo 在(La estética de Abrojos), in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, nº 212-213 (agosto-septiembre1山无 de 1967). 5o 北美枫来
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^ Let it be clear that Rubén Darío was a great admiror of Bécquer, whom he knew since at least 1882 (ref: Juan Collantes de Terán, "Rubén Darío", in Luis Íñigo Madrigal (ed.), Historia de la Literatura Hispanoamericana, Tomo II: Del Neoclasicismo al Modernismo. Madrid: Cátedra, 1987 (ISBN 84-376-0643-8); pp. 603-632. Bz 日上了如hg
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^ Roberto González Echevarría, The Master of Modernismo, The Nation, posted January 25, 2006 (February 13, 2006 issue, p. 29–33). 月 一z0
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